Deductive Method 연역법
대전제를 미리 설정해놓고, 구체적인 사례에 대해 결론 내리는 방법.
Top-down method
서양인의 대화방식. 대전제 결론 먼저 나온다. It's D because A, B, C.
기존의 대전제 제시--> 새로운 사례 파악--> 검증.
E.g. 모든 기계는 망가진다 (대전제)
핸드폰은 기계다 (소전제, 사례)
그러므로 핸드폰은 망가진다 (결론)
Inductive Method 귀납법
새로운 사실을 발견하고 이에 대한 수없이 반복되는 실험을 통해 결론 주장하는 방법.
Bottom-up method
동양인의 대화방식. Because A, B, C, therefore D.
증거 중심의 추리.
구체적인 사례를 모아놓고 그것을 통해 결론 도출.
E.g. 나는 감기에 걸렸다, A도 감기에 걸렸다, B도 감기에 걸렸다.
나도, A도, B도 모두 사람이다.
그러므로 모든 사람은 감기에 걸린다.
Saturday, September 7, 2013
List of Conferences and Journals
List of conferences
- APSA: https://www.apsanet.org/
- IPSA(International political science association): http://www.ipsa.org/
- MPSA(Midwest political science association): http://www.mpsanet.org/Home/tabid/36/Default.aspx
- EPSA(European political science association): http://www.epsanet.org/
- PSA (Political Studies Association)-UK: http://www.psa.ac.uk/
- PNWPSA(Pacific Northwest Political Science Association)-CANADA: http://foley.wsu.edu/pnwpsa/meeting.asp
- ISA(International Studies Association): http://www.isanet.org/Conferences/ISSSISACWashingtonDC2013.aspx
(2013 in GWU!)
o ISSS annual conference
- NPSA(Northeastern Political Science Association): http://www.northeasternpsa.com/conferences/2013-annual-npsa-conference/2013-conference-info.html
- GPSA(Georgia Political Science Association): http://www.gpsausa.org/
- SSSA(Southwestern Social Science Association): http://sssaonline.org/
- ASMEA(Association for the Study of the Middle East and Africa): https://asmea.nonprofitcms.org/conference/Conferences/1/Pages/Overview
- IAPSS(International Association for Political Science Students): http://www.iapss.org/
- PEIO(Political Economy of International Org)-princeton: http://www.peio.me/
- SPSA (Southern): http://www.spsa.net/
List of Journals
Political Science Association Journals
- The Illinois Political Science Review (Illinois)
International Politics
· Inroads
Comparative Politics
· Politeia
Political Theory
· Ethics
· Utilitas
Policy Studies
Graduate and Undergraduate Student Journals
Wednesday, September 4, 2013
Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations 1948
Hans J. Morgenthau, 1948 (2006, 7th edition) Politics Among Nations, chap. 1-3
*
Core elements of Morgenthau's philosophy of IR:
-
a realist theory,
-
politics a s a
struggle for power
-
foreign policies
of the major powers
-
nationalism
-
national power
-
diplomacy
-
the possibilities
for a world state
*
Contents(flow)
1. Theory and practice of IP (realist theory)
2. International Politics as a Struggle for Power
(power, status quo, imperialism, prestige, ideological element)
3. National Power (essence and elements of national
power)
4. Limitations of National Power- Balance of Power
(methods, structure of BOP)
5. Limitations of National Power- Int'l Morality and
World Public Opinion (morality, mores, and law)
6. Limitations of National Power- Int'l Law
(sovereignty)
7. IP in the contemporary world (nationalism, new BOP,
total war)
8. Problem of Peace - Peace through Limitation
(disarmament, security, judicial settlement, int'l gov, UN)
9. Problem of Peace - Peace through Transformation
(world state, world community)
10. Problem of Peace - Peace through Accommodation
(diplomacy)
-
- - - -
[1]
Theory: Classical Realism.
Key tems: Power, morality, and peace
(1)
6 principles of political realism
1. Politics is governed by objective laws that have
their roots in human nature. Realism believes in the possibility of developing
a rational theory that reflects these objective laws.
2. Interest defined in terms of power (not motives nor
ideological preferences)
-
good motives do
not guarantee the moral goodness and political success
-
requires a sharp
distinction between the desirable and the possible
-
rational foreign
policy min risks and max benefits, and hence, complies with both prudence(moral
precept) and success(requirement)
3. Interest is the essence of politics and is
unaffected by time and place
4. Universal moral principles cannot be applied to the
actions of states, although realism is aware of the moral significance of
political action.
-
Realism considers
prudence to be the supreme virtue in politics
5. It is the concept of interest defined in terms of
power that saves us from both moral excess and political folly. Realism refuses
to distinguish the moral aspirations from true aspiration of a nation.
-
All nations are
tempted to cloth their particular aspirations and actions in the moral purposes
of the universe
6. Realism defends its autonomy of the political
sphere against other schools (e.g. economy, law, moralism)
(2)
The Science of International Politics
·
Different approaches
to IR: historians, lawyers, and political scientists
·
Difficulty of
theorizing international politics: the ambiguity. Similarities and differences
of events/political situations
·
International
peace has become the prime concern of all nations after two world wars. 2
central concepts in a discussion of world politics are 1) power and 2) peace.
-
Moving force of
world is the state’s aspiration for power
-
Peace can be
maintained by 2 devices: 1) self-regulatory mechanism of the social
forces—balance of power and 2) normative limitations upon struggle—int’l law,
int’l morality, and world public opinion.
(3)
Political power
·
International
politics is a struggle for power. Power is always the immediate aim.
-
No power
consideration: some actions are undertaken without any consideration of power
(e.g. legal, economic, humanitarian, and cultural activities)
-
Degree of
involvement: Nations involved in international politics to different extents.
·
Nature of power
(distinction)
-
Political power =
the mutual relations of control among the holders of public authority and
between the latter and the people at large = a psychological relations between
those who exercise it and those over whom it is exercised
-
A has political
power over B = A is able to control certain actions of B through influencing
B’s mind.
·
4 distinctions
between
-
power vs.
influence,
-
Power vs. force,
-
usable vs.
unusable power,
-
legitimate vs.
illegitimate power
·
All human
activities are related to power (at family, professional, local and state
level)
·
Modern science of
peace (19c-) starts from the assumption that the world is accessible to science
and reason, and that it contains in itself all the elements necessary for the
harmonious cooperation of all mankind.
-
It is science to
detect those elements (e.g. harmony of interest, law of economics, free trade, modern
communications)
>> Do not
agree. These are not innate but element should be built through experience and
lessons.
-
Conflicts
among nations are due to maladjustments, lack of understanding, or the
influence of political passion
-
Searching of
the magic formula which will substitute for the uncertainties and risks of
political action the certitude of rational calculation. The magic formula
wanted is simple, rational, and mechanical. The reality is complicated,
irrational, and incalculable. à compelling to simplify the reality of int’l politics
-
Bentham:
struggle for colonies as the main cause for war
-
Marxist:
socialism is peace
[2]
Critique
·
(from Waltz) Morgenthau’s
focus on human nature as the source for power seeking requires strong
assumptions. Waltz turns the focus onto structure as necessitating power hungry
states for security reasons. (Harvard)
·
The concept of
power is broadly defined and does not distinguish between resources that give
states power (economic, military) and the act of one state exerting power over
another. (Harvard)
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